Cost Acc - 1339 Words

Name: ________________________ Class: ___________________ Date: __________ Quiz 2 1) Cost-volume-profit analysis is used primarily by management: A) as a planning tool B) for control purposes C) to prepare external financial statements D) to attain accurate financial results Answer: A Diff: 1 Terms: cost-volume-profit (CVP) Objective: 1 AACSB: Communication 2) One of the first steps to take when using CVP analysis to help make decisions is: A) finding out where the total costs line intersects with the total revenues line on a graph. B) identifying which costs are variable and which costs are fixed. C) calculation of the degree of operating leverage for the company. D) estimating how many products will have to be sold to make a decent†¦show more content†¦Answer: D Diff: 1 Terms: job Objective: 1 AACSB: Reflective thinking 12) Each indirect-cost pool of a manufacturing firm: A) utilizes a separate cost-allocation rate B) is a subset of total indirect costs C) relates to one cost object D) All of these answers are correct. Answer: D Diff: 1 Terms: cost pool Objective: 1 AACSB: Reflective thinking 13) Job costing: A) can only be used in manufacturing B) records the flow of costs for each customer C) allocates an equal amount of cost to each unit made during a time period D) is commonly used when each unit of output is identical Answer: B Diff: 2 Terms: job-costing system Objective: 2 AACSB: Reflective thinking 14) Many large companies which have multiple production methods and processes have hybrid costing systems that are: A) job-costing B) actual costing C) process costing D) a mix of job-costing and process costing Answer: D Diff: 2 Terms: job costing system, process-costing system Objective: 2 AACSB: Reflective thinking 15) Which of the following companies is most likely to use a process costing system. A) a manufacturer of breakfast cereal B) a manufacturer of large commercial aircraft C) a custom jewelry manufacturer D) a law firm Answer: A Diff: 1 Terms: process costing Objective: 2 AACSB: Reflective thinking 16) Stewart Company s actual manufacturing overhead is $2,800,000. Overhead is allocated on the basis of direct labor hours. The direct labor hours were 50,000 for the period.Show MoreRelatedCost Acc1156 Words   |  5 Pages350 $2,712,150 Ãâ€" = $2,410,800 25 2012 æ” ¯Ã¦  ´ æ” ¯Ã¦  ´Ã©Æ' ¨Ã©â€"€ æ” ¯Ã¦  ´Ã©Æ' ¨Ã©â€"€ 26 ç› ¸Ã¤ ºâ€™Ã¦ ³â€¢(reciprocal method) Ã¥Å" ¨Ã¥Ë†â€ Ã¦â€ ¤Ã¦â€ ¯Ã¦  ´Ã©Æ' ¨Ã©â€"€æˆ Ã¦Å" ¬Ã§ µ ¦Ã§â€¡Å¸Ã¦ ¥ ­Ã©Æ' ¨Ã©â€"€æ™‚ï ¼Å'æ‰ ¿Ã¨ ª Ã¦â€°â‚¬Ã¦Å"‰æ” ¯ æ  ´Ã©Æ' ¨Ã©â€"ێâ€"“ç› ¸Ã¤ ºâ€™Ã¦  Ã¤ ¾â€ºÃ¦â€ ¯Ã¦  ´Ã¦â„¢â€šÃ¦â€°â‚¬Ã§â„¢ ¼Ã§â€Å¸Ã¦Ë† Ã¦Å" ¬Ã£â‚¬â€š è § £Ã¯ ¦â€"ï § ·Ã¦â€" ¹Ã§ ¨â€¹Ã¥ ¼ Ã¯ ¼Å¡ PM ï ¼  $6,300,000 ï ¼â€¹ 0.1IS IS ï ¼  $1,452,150 ï ¼â€¹ 0.2PM 1. Ã¥ â€¡Ã¨ ¨ ­PMç‚ ºÃ¥ · ¥Ã¥ »  Ã§ ¶ ­Ã¤ ¿ ®Ã©Æ' ¨Ã©â€"ی ®Å'å… ¨Ã§â€º ¸Ã¤ ºâ€™Ã¥Ë†â€ Ã¦â€ ¤Ã¥ ¾Å'æˆ Ã¦Å" ¬ (complete reciprocated cost) 2. Ã¥ â€¡Ã¨ ¨ ­IS ç‚ ºÃ¨ ³â€¡Ã¨ ¨Å Ã§ ³ »Ã§ µ ±Ã©Æ' ¨Ã©â€"ی ®Å'å… ¨Ã§â€º ¸Ã¤ ºâ€™Ã¥Ë†â€ Ã¦â€ ¤Ã¥ ¾Å'æˆ Ã¦Å" ¬ Ã¥ ®Å'å… ¨Ã§â€º ¸Ã¤ ºâ€™Ã¥Ë†â€ Ã¦â€ ¤Ã¥ ¾Å'æˆ Ã¦Å" ¬ æÅ'‡æ” ¯Ã¦  ´Ã©Æ' ¨Ã©â€"€å€‹åˆ ¥Ã¦Ë† Ã¦Å" ¬Ã¥Å   Ã¤ ¸Å Ã¦â€°â‚¬Ã¦Å"‰éÆ' ¨Ã©â€"ێâ€"“ç› ¸Ã¤ ºâ€™Ã¥Ë†â€ Ã¦â€ ¤Ã¤ ¹â€¹Ã¦Ë†  æÅ" ¬Ã£â‚¬â€š 27 ç› ¸Ã¤ ºâ€™Ã¦ ³â€¢(reciprocal method) IS ï ¼  $2,767,500 PM ï ¼  $6,576,750 è ³â€¡Ã¨ ¨Å Ã§ ³ »Ã§ µ ±Ã©Æ' ¨Ã©â€"ۊ ¹â€¹Ã¥ ®Å'å… ¨Ã§â€º ¸Ã¤ ºâ€™Ã¥Ë†â€ Ã¦â€ ¤Ã¥ ¾Å'æˆ Ã¦Å" ¬Ã§â€š º$2,767,500ï ¼Å' æŽ ¥Ã¨â€˜â€"Ã¥ °â€¡Ã¨ © ²Ã¦Ë† Ã¦Å" ¬Ã¥Ë†â€ Ã¦â€ ¤Ã¨â€¡ ³Ã¥â€¦ ¶Ã¤ »â€"æ” ¯Ã¦  ´Ã©Æ' ¨Ã©â€"€èˆ‡ç‡Ÿæ ¥ ­Ã©Æ' ¨Ã©â€"ە ¼Å¡ 28 ç› ¸Ã¤ ºâ€™Ã¦ ³â€¢(reciprocal method) æ” ¯Ã¦  ´Ã©Æ' ¨Ã©â€"€ å›  Ã§â€š ºÃ¦â€ ¯Ã¦  ´Ã¦Ë† Ã¦Å" ¬Ã§Å¡â€žÃ¥Ë†â€ Ã¦â€ ¤Ã¯ ¤Å Ã© ¡ Ã¦Ëœ ¯Ã¥Ë†â€ Ã¦â€ ¤Ã¥Ë† °Ã¦â€°â‚¬Ã¦Å"‰ä ½ ¿Ã§â€ ¨Ã¦â€ ¯Ã¦  ´ çš„æ” ¯Ã¦  ´Ã¨Ë†â€¡Ã§â€¡Å¸Ã¦ ¥ ­Ã©Æ' ¨Ã©â€"ە ¼Å'è€Å'é Å¾Ã¥Æ'…è€Æ'æ… ®Ã§â€¡Å¸Ã¦ ¥ ­Ã©Æ' ¨Ã©â€"€ã€‚Read MoreCost Acc1315 Words   |  6 PagesName: Class: Cost Accounting Date: 02.12.2012 Quiz 5 1) Absorption costing: A) expenses marketing costs as cost of goods sold B) treats direct manufacturing costs as a period cost C) includes fixed manufacturing overhead as an inventoriable cost D) is required for internal reports to managers 2) Variable costing: A) expenses administrative costs as cost of goods sold B) treats direct manufacturing costs as a product cost C) includes fixed manufacturing overhead as an inventoriableRead MoreAmerican Connector Company Case Essay1309 Words   |  6 PagesAmerican Connector Company Case Severity of Threat by DJC The American Connector Company (ACC) should be extremely concerned with the im-pending entrance of DJC to the US landscape. Any new entrant will most likely be of the mentality to try and take as much market share as quickly as possible. This course of action usually involves a period of time when the new company will plan on operating at a loss, and will thereby be will-ing to price below market average with small margins. Realization ofRead MoreCosting Method Super Bakery1049 Words   |  5 PagesBakery, Inc. – Costing Methods Norman Thompson ACC/561 July 24, 2010 In today’s economy the business world has changed tremendously with the advances of computer systems, global competition, and innovation in technology. Because of these changes businesses compete to keep their products and services profitable as well as keeping a strong customer base. The main challenges for keeping a business successful are managing the cost of services and products while keeping the company leanRead MoreOriginal Alternative Methods Of Historical Cost Accounting966 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction Nowadays, most companies usually utilize the Historical Cost accounting to report financial statements and reflect the profitability of business. It is more conventional and simple method. Nevertheless, when considered in relation to inflation and price changes, the alternative methods such as Current Purchasing Power Accounting (CPPA), Continuously Contemporary Accounting(CoCoA) and Current Cost Accounting(CCA) would be more appropriate. There is an assumption that ‘ applying thoseRead MoreTootsie Roll Industries, Inc. Loan Package1318 Words   |  6 PagesTootsie Roll Industries, Inc. Loan Package ACC/561 Tootsie Roll Industries, Inc. Loan Package In week three, Learning Team E presents a loan package for public held company, Tootsie Roll Industries, Inc., in business for over 100 years. Tootsie Roll is a manufacturer of confectionary products. In addition to sales in the United States, Tootsie Roll’s profits grew in Mexico, Canada, Europe, Asia, South and Central America. This loan package consists of three sections: Financial Ratios, CorporateRead MoreAccounting Ram1208 Words   |  5 PagesACC 312H – Spring 2012 Fundamentals of Managerial Accounting-Honors Instructor – Will O’Hara (copyright 2009  © John Wiley Sons) Thursday, January 19, 2012 Chapter 2 – Indentifying and Estimating Costs and Benefits |2.45  Ã‚   |Controllability and relevance (LO1).  Rams Ramachandran is considering the wisdom of reducing the number of suppliers | | |his firm uses. Currently, Rams uses 25 suppliers to purchase goods worth $2,500,000 per year. To manage the orders and | | |coordinateRead MoreAcc 561 Week 3 Team Tootsie Roll Loan Paper1358 Words   |  6 PagesTootsie Roll Industries, Inc. Loan Package ACC/561 Tootsie Roll Industries, Inc. Loan Package In week three, Learning Team E presents a loan package for public held company, Tootsie Roll Industries, Inc., in business for over 100 years. Tootsie Roll is a manufacturer of confectionery products. In addition to sales in the United States, Tootsie Roll’s profits grew in Mexico, Canada, Europe, Asia, South and Central America. This loan package consists of three sections: Financial Ratios, CorporateRead MoreACC 561 Final Exam1196 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿ACC 561 Final Exam Copy this link to your browser and download http://www.finalexamguide.com/ACC-561-Final-Exam-5-90.htm 1).  Ã‚  _____ refers to accounting information developed for managers within an organization. A.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Internal auditing B.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Managerial accounting C.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Financial accounting D.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Tax accounting 2).  Ethical accountants are important to society because _____. A.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  they pay their taxes B.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  the information produced is reliable C.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  they will notRead MoreACC 561 Final Exam833 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿ACC 561 Final Exam Copy this link to your browser and download http://www.finalexamguide.com/ACC-561-Final-Exam-2-73.htm 1)  According to the Financial Executives Institute, one function of controllership is _____. 2)  Performance reports _____. 3)  Budgets _____. 4)  Ethical accountants are important to society because _____. 5)  According to the Institute of Management Accountants’ Statement of Ethical Professional Practice, the standard of competence includes: 6)  According

A critique of a film Free Essays

Day by day, it is increasingly more difficult to maintain safety in our society, since interactions between people create dangers, either at ‘high’ political level, or on the daily basis. We live not in the no-man’s-land, so people adjust to new conditions and changing situations. Still, there are those, who cannot accept this environment and who, probably, cannot be accepted. We will write a custom essay sample on A critique of a film or any similar topic only for you Order Now Being busy with our education and careers, we simply have no time to think carefully about the hidden threats of the environment, which can be really aggressive, and even destruct our bodies. In the movie ‘Safe’, Carol White (Julianne Moore) lives with her husband and stepson in a comfortable suburban home in California.   Her life is completely predictable, and in spite of the fact that she has ‘relationship’ with her husband, she begins feeling isolated and then – drained and depressed. Mysteriously, she falls ill with weird symptoms: she experiences nose bleedings, dizziness and allergies, and doctor attributes it to stress. Having passed different tests, she understand that there is nothing physically wrong with her, but nevertheless she takes medication and changes her diet, getting of the all-fruit diet and cutting back diary products. When her condition doesn’t go away, she gets a recommendation to visit psychiatrist. The problem with her mind is a reason for the illness. Carol finally understands the necessity, which requires of her to go to a place, where people who suffer from toxic allergies and those with AIDS can ‘clean’ themselves, and, probably, the only place where she can feel safe. As the plot develops, it becomes clear that the treatment, received at hospital, is improper and probably, only worsens the situation. Haynes’s idea was to show the powerlessness of traditional medical science against new illnesses, caused by external irritants, but destroy humans from inside. In the film, Carol combats a real ten-headed hydra, which responds to the new treatment courses with new painful fits of allergy. Carol drives her car – and endures a coughing fir; she breathes in her new perfumes –and feels lightheadedness. Aerobic classes, which pursue a goal of helping her relax, are initially doomed to be unsuccessful: she has never had tension in her life, she has never had close relations, so there was no ground for either extremely positive or extremely negative emotions in her life. Thus, she cannot relax, because she never experiences stresses in pure medical meaning. Moreover, the medicaments Carol receives are irritants, as they also consist of toxins or other synthetic substances. On the contrary, Dunning chooses a different direction and creates some kind of cult, or community with certain beliefs, values and philosophy. People living there find there attachment and new system of coordinates, in which it is possible to consider their illness and cope with related inner problems. It is possible to notice that by the end of the movie, she becomes increasingly more shattered, and probably her sickness breaks her and makes her re-evaluate the relationships which had existed in her life before she fell ill. She has a husband, bad hasn’t given birth to children, because Carol ‘endures’ the existence of a domestic plant, which should be carefully watered and supplied with the necessary nourishment, but whose opinion weighs like any plant’s opinion. It is possible to note that her first steps were determined (or, at least, highly influenced) by her husband. To my view, her sickness is a force which makes her re-think her existence and understand that she had had only ‘mechanical’ relationship with her husband, who even doesn’t try to understand her and empty conversations with her friends, carpenter and drycleaner. The scene, which reinforce her sense ‘of nobodiness’ is one where she looks at her husband from the bed and asks ‘Where am I? At the moment?’. He answers that she is in Carol and Greg’s house, but she begins to cry, because this lush house has never belonged to her as well as her own life. How to cite A critique of a film, Papers

Patagonia Strategy Management Complete Sotution with Free Sample

Question: Discuss about the Patagonia Strategy Management. Answer: Introduction Its main objective is to make and provide good quality products without any harm. It provides solution regarding any environmental crisis and inspires to implement it. Patagonia offer the fair trade products in spring from 33 to 192 which are shown by the workers in India and also by the four newly certified factories in Sri Lanka out of one is in Los Angeles California (Patagonia, 2016). Strategy audit of Patagonia It is the process of planning about the business and making the strategies for the company in order to identify the shortage and problems for the development of the company. All the information regarding business plan or for the growth and development of the company are secured by the strategy audit which is supported by the management. It is the best place to discuss or give views to the CEO for any changes in business plan or to implement any action. It clears or make easy to understand in these three difficult areas: - the present business plan as well as relevant information regarding growth and development of the company is completely secured. It disclose the commitment which is shared by the management team and they believed in the vision of the company and the strategies and activities are both important in the business plan (SMI. n.d.).. The business logic which is the path of the business plan is fully secured if the company has no financial problems, if the company takes right action regarding the development of the vision, if the company is planning various activities in order to achieve its goal in time. It recognizes the requirement of the company in order to make changes in the business plan along with the business. It is categorized into two parts and these are strategic risk audit and strategic process audit. Strategic risk audit involves risk which is the result of achieving the organizational goal strategically. A strategy process audit is the judgment or deciding the value of the strategic management process as well as creating strategy methodically (MahlichSchneider,2013). Strategic risk audits Risk-based auditing It is commonly used by the various corporations. It is not important to imply the strategic risk based auditing, as they focus in their objectives. The strategic risk is commonly used or practiced which is considered as a risk based auditing. There is no need to change for the application of the strategic audit. Strategic risk project auditing: It is the planned piece of work. It includes the marked changes in the finance program of an audit for a correct position of an organization for the organization growth and development. It is executed by the current program and by the methods of the project auditing and are mostly used by the IAFs. Moreover these methods are linked with the most involving types of auditing except the formal type of audit. Because of this, the assurance activities are not provided and the other activities are considered as a consultant. In order to audit these projects, the person should have the good knowledge and maximum experience for project auditing with specialization. The concept of strategy and to implement it should be clear. The expectations of IAFs stakeholders should be properly managed which includes that they should not be known about the limitation of internal audit. Decentralized strategic alignment It does not need any changes for its appearance comparing with various activities of IAFs. Internal audit is a set of tools for group management which provides the further assurance on alignment along with the along with strategic decision and warn the organization, if there is any risk. It is not easy for an internal audit to find out that the decentralized strategy has a correct position along with organization strategy. Their relation is not easy to understand as they always required a local initiative which is dependent upon local circumstances. COSO ERM approach: It consist the course of action of an audit regarding the objectives and the risk associated with it. For this the judgment is made for the audit work regarding to achieve objectives strategic, operational, financial, compliance. It consist the relevant objectives along with the risk. Audit procedures are based on the relevant information which is addressed by the management for the reduction of various risks. Strategy process audit Strategy formulation process auditing The strategy process audit is appeared in this phase and strategy also. It is most difficult phase. Most of the IAFs has a reservation regarding the formulation of strategic auditing is that it should be decided by the senior management not by the employees or any staff. It is also applicable for the assessment of the content for the right strategy. For adopting the new strategy, a non-executive board member specifies that the internal audit must have the good opinions and knowledge about the company, procedures, IT infrastructure and has the capabilities for performing the work (KPMG, 2015). Auditing of decentralized strategy The issues for the process of formulating of strategy are not so strong, when it reaches to decentralized organizational strategy. Because of this the business unit management has shown but not an executive management. Strategy implementation auditing It focuses on transferring the companys strategy into an objective and determines the performances and put them into action for operational plan and budgets. The strategy are created by the management which is treated as given through which the program is changed and started the strategic projects on a tactful level. Strategy process program auditing It is the form of the procedures and projects which make the strategy which meant that the program and the projects have the direct impact on the strategy. It is similar with the previous organization. It makes the use of the program project auditing methodology. Strategy evaluation and control auditing Internal audit organized the evaluated strategies which are done by the company or determine the organizational strategy for an audit. It may take help of the previously two phases of the strategy process for formulating the strategies and to implement it. It focuses on the content and procedures of the strategic decision making (SMI, n.d.). Goals of Patagonia Its main goal is to create or make a quality based products without causing any harm and encourage business to give solutions related to environmental problems. After this Patagonias begins to find its place and taken away from pitons, the top-most products was facing problems like landmarks climbs. Patagonias profit was declining, the next year they broke even. But after that, profits were above the level. The company faces this problems for so many years but Patagonia know that how to make profit at large. Patagonia donates 1% of sales to a environmental non-profit, which cannot generate revenue, but it does. Patagonias success is they providing the good quality products and services to the customer. They believe that profit is not a goal, when you do right things profit automatically generates. Patagonias product life cycle initiative Patagonia implementing the new product lifecycle initiative, which encourage customer consume less and thus generate waste less. PLI is a 4-R e.g., reduces, repair, reuse and recycle. Patagonia encourage its customer to consume less, facilitate the repair of the damaged products, encourage the reuse of products through swap or resale and recycle a product if it could no longer be used Increase price If the PLI strategy is adopted, sales volume might decrease. In order to increase revenue, the company should increase the prices of the products. On the basis of the customers income, there is no adverse impact for increasing the prices of the products, but they may lose some customers who are price conscious. Recycling It is one of the 4-R and a key component of the PLI. By accepting clothes that are beyond repair and recovering reusable components, Patagonia can recycle that component in their own supply chain. Resale If the recycle products can reuse, they could also sell that product to other manufacturers. If a color or style was discontinued by Patagonia, but is now used by the north face. Third party repair services Patagonia should not bear the burden for repairing the products that is returned. In some cases, an expert is also needed. In other cases third party repair a service is required which manages logistics for shipping and reduces overall expenses. Charge for repair and recycle services If Patagonia unable to meet the revenue goal, the company have to charge for services such as repair and recycling. Customer engagement The company must launch a strong marketing campaign which includes either incentives or discount for customers who become frustrated. This could occur could occur if the items are lost, or take too long to repair. (Dartmouth,2007) Referances Dartmouth.(2007).patagonia-sustainability and the product lifecycle initiative. Gunderson.H.(2012).Patagonias code of ethic. Patagonia strategic management.United States. KPMG.(2015).Discussion paper strategy- related auditing, retrieved on 12 August 2016 from https://www.iia.nl/SiteFiles/Publicaties/IIA_Bro%20A4%20Strategy%20Related%20Audits%20DEF.pdf Mahlich.J.schneider.M.(2013).Patagonia defining the organisations strategic direction. Marcario.R.(2014).You should build a product that last. Environment the global edge. Patagonia.(2016).Build the best product, cause no unnecessary harmretrieved on 12 August 2016 from https://projectjust.com/brand_patagonia/ RMIB.(2008).Doing well by doing good:why patagonia make a profit naturally,retrieved on 12 August 2016 from https://www.treehugger.com/corporate-responsibility/doing-well-by-doing-good-why-patagonia-makes-a-profit-naturally.html SMI. (n.d.). Strategy audit an introduction, retrieved on 12 August 2016 from https://www.s-m-i.net/pdf/Strategy%20Audit%20introduction.pdf

The American Reaction To The Halocaust Essays - Human Rights Abuses

The American Reaction To The Halocaust In the years of the Second World War, American leaders were aware of the plan of the Germans to exterminate all the Jews in Europe, yet they did not act to save them. The attitude in society and the state of the economy in the years leading up to the war made for conditions that did not make saving them likely. Most Germans despised the Weimar Republic, which held control of Germany at the time they signed the Versailles Treaty. This treaty crippled Germany after they lost The First Great War. The proud Germans saw this republic as weak. Adolph Hitler, an Austrian born man of German lineage, claimed that the only true Germans were Aryans and that the Jewish influence in the Weimar Republic was the reason for their weakness. He published a famous propaganda novel entitled Mein Kampf, which helped to catapult him and his political party, the National Socialist German Workers Party, into power. (Barber) Hitlers political position was simple: Germans were always right and the Jews were to blame for everything. After the outbreak of war by all the major powers of the world, Germany immediately turned a major part of their concern towards the extermination of the entire Jewish race. It began with the Einsatzgrupen, a special mobile unit of who moved behind frontline troops in the attacks on Russia and Poland, whose sole purpose was to round up the local Jewish families and kill them. They dug massive graves intended for entire Jewish communities. Their victims were lined up, stripped naked and shot. One reporter observed that not every shot was fatal and the poor civilians were made to suffer in the pits till they were sufficiently buried alive by their own brethren. The first sweep of this unit between January and December of 1941 yielded about 500,000 Jewish deaths. The second rampage, which ranged from the fall of 1941 through 1942, took 900,000 Jewish lives. (Wyman) Even with such massive extermination the German leaders were unsatisfied and demanded a more efficient and permanent answer to the problem. The directive to exterminate all the Jews in Europe was issued on July 31, 1941. In December of that year, a law banning Jews from leaving any German territories was put into effect. Then finally, on January 20, 1942, Reinhard Heydrich came up with what was termed the final solution to the of the Jewish question. He proposed a plan to erect six camps built for killing large numbers of people. The Germans built six such camps in the two years to follow, Belzec, Majdanek, Treblinka, Sobibor, Auschwitz, and Chelmno. Chelmno was the first of the camps to be built. It used large trucks into which they crammed as many Jews as possible who choked on the trucks own exhaust fumes. Most of the other camps had permanent gas chambers, which killed by the fumes of a stationary engine. Although Auschwitz used Zyklon B, a type of hydrogen cyanide. These venues of death were host to over 3 million Jews who lost their lives. (Wyman) The conditions in the camps were so terrible that they drove the poor Jews who lived through it into madness. One such survivor published his experiences in a book entitled Night. Elie Weisel, the books author, reports of conditions so horrible that he lost his faith and his sense of humanity. Weisel and his whole family are shipped to Auschwitz in railcars previously used to transport cattle. They were packed in so tight that many died on the journey. The weak were separated and killed immediately upon entering the camps. This often meant most women and all children. Weisel witnessed a pile where they were burning babies. The strong men who survived were put to work, Elie in an electrical-fitting factory. They were under the constant threat of selections in which the weak and sick were weeded out and put into the gas chambers. The prisoners got their only solace from their faith, Zionism, and the comfort of their fellow prisoners. However, long exposure to camp life often left some concerned only for their personal survival and became cruel and inhuman to the other Jews in the camp. (Weisel) How could the

Hopefully Speaking

Hopefully Speaking Hopefully Speaking Hopefully Speaking By Sharon Pedantry or laxity? Upholding standards or lapsing into colloquialism? When it comes to using hopefully, these are the terms that are often thrown around. Heres why. As an adverb, hopefully originally meant in a hopeful manner (example: the dog waited hopefully for a bone) and that is still the primary meaning given in most dictionaries. That usage corresponds with other similar adverbial usage, such as happily (in a happy manner) or miserably (in a miserable manner). Those who are sticklers for correct and standard usage maintain that this is the only proper way to use hopefully. However, much of the world disagrees. The use of hopefully as a sentence modifier to mean it is hoped that has been around since the 1930s and has been in common use since the 1960s. The analogy here is with words like mercifully (example: Mercifully, the concert was short) and frankly (example: Frankly, I dont care what you think). Thanks to more than 75 years of colloquial usage, the second meaning is now standard in both speech and writing. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:100 Beautiful and Ugly WordsConfused Words #3: Lose, Loose, LossTypes of Ignorance

Burned by Ellen Hopkins Essay Example for Free

Burned by Ellen Hopkins Essay Ellen Hopkins wrote this novel about a girl who grew up in a Mormon household, and is beginning to think that this is not a lifestyle she wants for herself. With an abusive father, lazy and passive mother, and constant conflicts with the Mormon teachings and beliefs, she refuses to give in to that way of life. She refuses to ever become property to a husband who she is taught to â€Å"obey† or a baby producing machine. With her new resilience and want for a normal life, it angers her father. He sends her to live with his estranged sister for the summer, but what he doesn’t realize is that he’s giving her freedom and a chance to live. She learns to love and that life as she knew it was never a life meant for her. Hopkins’ book shows the life of a Mormon girl; Pattyn Scarlet Von Stratten. Pattyn is tired of the Mormon lifestyle and rebels against her family and the rules of her home and church. Her father spends most of the time drunk and angry and her mother has a whole household to take care of. After Pattyn gets in a fight and breaks a window, her family has had enough of her rebelling so they send her to live with her Aunt, out in the middle of nowhere, for the summer, so she can no longer get in trouble. It turns out that she has fun on her stay with her aunt, she learns how to drive and ride a horse, and meets the love of her life. She fell in love with Ethan, the son of her aunt’s friend. He is not Mormon and her father would kill the both of them if they were together. After returning home things start to go bad again. She mouths off to her father and gets beaten. She takes the rap for something her sister does, and gets beaten to save her sister. She also learns that she will have Ethan’s baby. Like all of Hopkins novels, Burned also has a tragic ending. Ethan and Pattyn get in a car wreck and she wakes up in the hospital to learn that she lost Ethan and her baby. In the end she says that God could not be love because love was a corpse, because she lost the love of her life, and the only thing remnant of him. The book leaves you with the vision of Pattyn sitting above a busy highway, about to take you own life. Burned by Ellen Hopkins. (2018, Oct 19).

The Educational Experience Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Educational Experience - Essay Example During her high school days, she had a lot of chores to perform at home after school and this did not give her a chance to study. She was the only lady in her family and therefore she had to assist her mother with the cooking after school after completing other tasks like washing the kitchen utensils and fetching water for use for the following day. Because her task burden, she could not compete well with her male counterparts. That made her be always last in her class, but the trend changed while in college. In college, she had all the time to do her personal studies and the many tasks that she used to perform during her high school days were greatly reduced. According to the two authors that is Adrienne Rich and John Tierney, the aspect of disparate opportunities for both the gender causes the difference in their education as in the situation of Dawn Riley. In her school days, her performance was dismal and that was due to the numerous chores that she used to perform after school r eprieving her chance to study. Educational history and choices The high school educational history of my friend provides a perfect platform to complement on the argument of the Adrienne Rich. Her history will support the argument of Adrienne Rich about women not receiving an equal opportunity in education (Adrienne 2). According to this author, most of the male view the female students as prey and this stereotype mind has greatly affected women students. The female, on the other hand, has also been made to believe that their assertive behavior might cause them of their marriages and this belief has made the female students failures. A lot of humiliation and self-doubt have always engulfed the minds of the female students because of the various mind raping that has been implanted in them by the male students (Adrienne 6). The choices between the two genders when it comes to professionalism also tend to support the arguments of the authors about choices. Most of the courses which are considered difficult have very few female students, unlike the male students who have the numbers in all courses. The authors were right when they said that the educational choices between the two genders are also different. The element of dividing issues to worry about has also been pinpointed by the authors to be a determinant of the educational differences between the two genders. This line of argument according to my opinion is right because female students have many things to worry about as compared to their male counterparts. For purposes of equality in education then the female and the male students should be given equal opportunity. Overburdening the female student with a lot of chores after school always reprieve them the chance to properly focus on their studies. The male students should also shun from their stereotype mindset of viewing the female students as preys. The aspect of considering the female students as preys always make them close up in terms of their particip ation in class related aspects (Adrienne 12). The author went further and started the difference that exists between the female and the male even at the workplace caused by the school life of the two genders (Adrienne 12). The female students also need to put away the intellectual self-doubt as this would cause them a lot in terms of their academic carriers.        

Personal Cultural Identity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Personal Cultural Identity - Essay Example My grandfather David is a German who served as an officer in the U.S. Army during the Second World War. Two years before the war broke out he was teaching economics at a Southern Germany university when his wife died while giving birth to my Uncle Ferdinand. Before the year was over, he left with my baby uncle for England to take up further studies, and they were at Oxford staying with his English wife's family when the war broke out. Like most Germans, he was looked at with suspicion, but because his wife's family trusted him, he was accepted into English society and soon after was taken in as a volunteer by the British Army and assigned to work with the U.S. Army after D-Day. He must have done a good job, because after the war his Army superior invited him over to work and live in America, and he accepted. My then young uncle followed him over. They eventually settled in Eugene, Oregon where my grandfather married a young and energetic woman from northern Spain who was studying there and, together, they raised a family, a rather big one. Back then, people loved having big families, and my grandparents were no exception. They had ten children and my father was the eighth, born in 1955. My father studied engineering in college and to celebrate his graduation with honors in 1976, he and his friends went to France for a one-month vacation. It was while they were getting drunk in Paris that he met my mom, a French accountant who was also celebrating her new university degree. To cut the long story short, they got married a year later and decided to settle down in a little quiet corner of Eugene, Oregon, a place my mother loved as soon as she saw it. I was born there in 1981, the youngest of three. However, we never stayed in one place for long because my father kept on getting promoted and moved, so we went all over the U.S., but since my father came from a large family, it was not unusual for us to find relatives and friends wherever we went. This helped me and my siblings to learn the art of making friends, and it also made us daring to try new things and go to new places. When the time came for me to go to university, I decided to study in Spain. My brother went to a German university, while my sister studied in France, so I wanted to connect to our roots by going to Spain. For some years, my siblings and I were all studying in Europe at the same time, and we would meet each other anywhere for lunch or dinner. On several occasions, my father would bring my mother over and we would have a great feast. What am I Some weeks ago, I had a long conversation with my Uncle Ferdinand as he visited me from London, where he teaches music (he used to be a concert pianist with an American symphony orchestra) and I asked him this question. I knew what his answer would be: "You are as American as all the Americans are. America is a land of immigrants, and even as I was born in Munich, grew up in Oxford and Eugene, my roots are in America, where your grandfather died and where your father was born. Your grandparents were German and Spanish, your dad American and your mom French, which makes you a perfect American" (Interview, 2007). My siblings and I have always felt this way even though we often entertained slight doubts about what we are. Impact on My Role as Teacher There are many advantages in knowing how to speak four languages (English, Spanish, German, and

Social Psychology Essay Example for Free

Social Psychology Essay Now imagine that you are a social psychologist, for this assignment you must use social concepts learned in this chapter to explain some of the strange, terrible, and outrageous things that people do to each other. Read the following stories and respond to the questions with complete sentences that are free of spelling and grammatical errors. All of the following are based on a real-life story reported in the press!!!! CAN YOU MAKE FAT DISAPPEAR?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   (Adapted from: Newsweek, March 2, 1992, p. 69)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The cosmetic companies made an estimated $50 million by selling anticellulite creams to women. However, research by respected dermatologists show that anticellulite creams are totally worthless in eliminating cellulite, which is really little pockets of fat. With these negative findings in mind, how does the cosmetics industry persuade American women to spend $50 million a year on anticellulite creams that dermatologists claim are worthless? The cosmetics companies use very clever advertising. They show photos of beautiful women along with promises that anticellulite creams will wash away unsightly ripples, create a new you, and give you the beautiful body you always wanted. Question1: What are the four elements of persuasion? Identify the four elements using the above scenario.     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Persuasion, to be effective, has to possess the four elements namely: meaningful, relevant, challenging and actionable. â€Å"Anticellulite creams†, the product introduced in the market is in itself very meaningful to women in order to stay attractive. It is relevant to the need and current trend, which is reducing fats that could affect the attractiveness of a woman. Its introduction in the market is likewise, challenging because its effectiveness is being challenged by some respected dermatologists that made it increase its publicity even more. Lastly, it is actionable because the way its being advertised has hit the weakness of the target market, women, with the use of â€Å"photos of beautiful women along with promises that anticellulite creams will wash away unsightly ripples, create a new you, and give you the beautiful body you always wanted†, a truly perfect way to catch womens attention. Question 2: Why do women continue to buy anticellulite creams when scientists have demonstrated that these creams are worthless?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Despite the claims that â€Å"anticellulite† creams are worthless, they continue to attract women because the way they are being introduced in the market is very persuasive. It possessed the four major elements of persuasion. Moreover, customers are after for the concrete result. Research findings that are often expressed in figures or mere words do not create as much impact as a photo of a beautiful woman, whose face became younger and more attractive after using the product. Customers esily link the beautiful face with the product, thus making it easier to sell. CAN A LABEL FOOL A BEER DRINKER?   Ã‚  Ã‚   (Adapted from: Los Angeles Times, Dec. 30, 1988, p. IV-4)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Last summer, the Coors brewery added only two new words Original Draft to the labels of its best-selling beer. Regular Coors drinkers saw the new label and believed it was a new beer. They complained about the new taste and said they preferred the taste of their old Coors. Suddenly, sales slowed as drinkers refused to buy cans of beer with the two new words. But, Coors had not changed the beer. They had only changed two words on the label. However, the Coors brewery was not about to argue with its loyal customers. Coors removed the two new words from the label. Within weeks, sales rose and the drinkers were happy. Question 1: Can you define one component of attitudes and illustrate it with an example from the beer drinkers?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   One component of attitude is cognition which refers to our beliefs, theories, expectancies, cause and effect beliefs, and perceptions relative to the focal object. In the scenario presented above, the focal object was a beer with two new words on the label. Since there was something new on the label, the beer drinkers have automatically expected something new on the product itself, which they claimed to have a different taste than the original. The two new words added on the label have influenced them to believe that there was a change in the formulation or ingredient, causing the perceived change in taste, even   if none was really altered from the original fomulation. Question 2: Can you define a second component of attitudes and illustrate it with an example from the beer drinkers?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A second component of attitude that can be found in this example is behavioral intentions, which refers to our goals, aspirations, and our expected responses to the attitude object. The beer drinkers in this example definitely wanted the original label, thus affecting the sales of Coors. Instead of arguing with their loyal customers, Coors resumed to its original label and the response was good because sales started to rise again.   Question 3: Can you define a third component of attitudes and illustrate it with an example from the beer drinkers?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A third component of attitude, which i have also seen in the example presented above is Evaluation. This is said to be the function of cognitive, affect and behavioral intentions of the object. The beer drinkers believed that the beer with a new two words in the label is different from the original best-selling beer of Coors. This belief caused them to describe its taste as different from the original. As a result, sales went down but when the label was restored to the original, even if none was changed in the formualtion, sales rose and the customers became happy again. GIRL RAPED AND CROWDS LOOKS ON?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   (Adapted from: San Diego Tribune, July 29, 1983)       After spending the whole day visiting the zoo, 13-year-old Diane decided to cool off in the large pool with a water fountain in the middle. She rolled up her baggy jeans and waded in up to her knees. She wasnt paying much attention to the two older boys who had waded in and were approaching her. When they got close, they grabbed her and pulled her to the middle of the pool. They held her down against the concrete base of the fountain. As the fountain sprayed them with water, the two boys took turns raping Diane. About 35 people who were walking around the fountain heard Dianes screams for help. Not one of them offered to help. Question 1: Can you explain the concept that describes why none of the 35 people did anything to help Diane?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The sad experience of Diane is attributable to what we call in social pschology as the â€Å"bystander effect†. When there is an emergency, the more bystanders there are, the less likely it is that any of them will acually help. The 35 people, though they heard the screams of Diane, did not actually offer help because they assumed that nothing was wrong because nobody else looks concerned. Question 2: Can you explain how the diffusion of responsibility theory describes why 35 people who heard Dianes screams did nothing to help?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Bystanders go through a five-step process and during each of which, they can decide to do nothing. Firstly, they were probably in a hurry to notice the event, thus are unable to help. If they did notice, they assumed that as others are not acting, it is not an emergency, so again no help was offered. Next, they assumed that others will do this, since there are many people around, so no help was offered. Sometimes, bystanders simply do not know what to do out of panicky thus, unable to help lastly, instead of acting on it and help, some worry about the danger and hassle of being involved, thus they pretend to have not known anything about it or pretend that nothing was wrong.

The Stereotypical Old-West Lawman :: Media Stereotypes Stereotyping

The Stereotypical Old-West Lawman Justice, duty, silence, wisdom, bravery, self-reliance, independence, respect; these are all characteristics of the old-west lawman. Matt Dillon, marshal of Dodge City, is just such a lawman. His sense of justice, duty, and wisdom epitomize the stereotypical old-west hero. In the episode entitled Fawn, Marshal Dillon is charged with a woman that escaped an Indian camp. She is accompanied by a young Indian girl. They are in Dodge till the womans husband arrives fetch her. While the woman is waiting for her husband a man comes to speak to her. He accepts her and the little girl. When the husband arrives he wants the girl to go to a reservation, but the woman refuses to let her go. The husband divorces the woman and goes back east. The woman must run with the little girl because the government wants to put the little girl on a reservation. Marshal Dillon arranges for the man that spoke to the woman earlier to take both the woman and the little girl away with him. This saves the little girl. Throughout the episode Marshal Dillon defends the woman, because he thinks she and the little girl are treated unjustly. In the episode entitled How to Kill a Friend, a pair of gamblers come to town. They try to bribe Marshal Dillon, but he refuses to take their bribe. Later, someone shoots at the marshal as a scare tactic. He figures out that the gamblers shot at him and he runs them out of town. Usually such men move on to another town and dont return; but these men returned. This time they brought a gunman to keep Dillon in check. The gunman turns out to be an old friend of the marshal. He tries to convince his friend to leave, but the man has turned bad and refuses. Eventually they get into a confrontation. In the process, Dillon shoots and kills his friend. Though he is saddened that he killed his friend, he had to do his duty. He had done his best to dissuade his friend, but had to fulfill his duty. In the episode How to Die for Nothing, a bunch of cowboys from Texas come into town. One of them is drunk and when the marshal tries to take away his gun, he tries to shoot Dillon. Dillon had to shoot the cowboy and he ended up dying.

Piaget’s theory Essay

Donaldson also found that children pay great attention to the social context of a task. As they are in the process of developing a vocabulary, they rely on contextual clues to enhance their understanding of verbal communications. Piaget devised a task to study children’s understanding of the conservation of liquid. He asked whether the amount of liquid had changed after being poured from one shape vessel to another. Unable to sense a purpose in the activity, the children gave an answer based on the variable that has changed, i. e. the shape of the vessel. Making sense of the conservation task, putting it in a socially understandable context, achieved better results. A study by Light, Buckingham & Robbins (1979) involved 2 groups of 6 year olds. The first group were shown some pasta shells poured from the first breaker to a wider one and 95 per cent of the children confirmed Piaget’s finding as being non-conservers. The second group of children were told that the shells were to be used in a game and the reason for the transference of shells was a chip on the rim of the first beaker. This time only 30 per cent of the children gave non-conserving answers. It would seem that the task must make human sense to the child, not just to the investigator. Even though Donaldson’s approach highlights the way in which Piaget underestimated children’s abilities, it made no criticism of the theoretical framework. The lasting aspects of Piaget’s admirable body of work include the concept of a progression through developmental stages. There is a general agreement that the changes involved in the progression are of a qualitative nature, and, as Piaget explained, they come about as a result of constructive activity. Developmental psychology will continue to evolve, grateful for the solid foundation

Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance: Introduction to Body Fluids Essay

   Fluid Compartments Water occupies two main fluid compartments Intracellular fluid (ICF) – about two thirds by volume, contained in cells Extracellular fluid (ECF) – consists of two major subdivisions Plasma – the fluid portion of the blood Interstitial fluid (IF) – fluid in spaces between cells Other ECF – lymph, cerebrospinal fluid, eye humors, synovial fluid, serous fluid, and gastrointestinal secretions Extracellular and Intracellular Fluids Water is the universal solvent Solutes are broadly classified into: Electrolytes – inorganic salts, all acids and bases, and some proteins Electrolytes determine the chemical and physical reactions of fluids Electrolytes have greater osmotic power than nonelectrolytes Water moves according to osmotic gradients Nonelectrolytes – examples include glucose, lipids, creatinine, and urea Each fluid compartment of the body has a distinctive pattern of electrolytes Extracellular fluids are similar (except for high protein content of plasma) Sodium is the chief cation Chloride is the major anion Intracellular fluids have low sodium and chloride Potassium is the chief cation Phosphate is the chief anion Proteins, phospholipids, cholesterol, and neutral fats account for: 90% of the mass of solutes in plasma 60% of the mass of solutes in interstitial fluid 97% of the mass of solutes in the intracellular compartment Fluid Movement Among Compartments Compartmental exchange is regulated by osmotic and hydrostatic pressures Net leakage of fluid from the blood is picked up by lymphatic vessels and returned to the bloodstream Exchanges between interstitial and intracellular fluids are complex due to the selective permeability of the cellular membranes Two-way water flow is substantial Ion fluxes are restricted and move selectively by active transport Nutrients, respiratory gases, and wastes move unidirectionally Plasma is the only fluid that circulates throughout the body and links external and internal environments Osmolalities of all body fluids are equal; changes in solute concentrations are quickly followed by osmotic changes Water Balance and ECF Osmolality To remain properly hydrated, water intake must equal water output Water intake sources Ingested fluid (60%) and solid food (30%) Metabolic water or water of oxidation (10%) Water output Urine (60%) and feces (4%) Insensible losses (28%), sweat (8%) Increases in plasma osmolality trigger thirst and release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) Regulation of Water – Homeostaisis Intake – Hypothalmic Thirst Center Thirst is quenched as soon as we begin to drink water Feedback signals that inhibit the thirst centers include: Moistening of the mucosa of the mouth and throat Activation of stomach and intestinal stretch receptors Influence and Regulation of ADH Water reabsorption in collecting ducts is proportional to ADH release Low ADH levels produce dilute urine and reduced volume of body fluids High ADH levels produce concentrated urine Hypothalamic osmoreceptors trigger or inhibit ADH release Factors that specifically trigger ADH release include prolonged fever; excessive sweating, vomiting, or diarrhea; severe blood loss; and traumatic burns Disorders of Water Balance: Dehydration Water loss exceeds water intake and the body is in negative fluid balance Causes include: hemorrhage, severe burns, prolonged vomiting or diarrhea, profuse sweating, water deprivation, and diuretic abuse Signs and symptoms: cottonmouth, thirst, dry flushed skin, and oliguria Prolonged dehydration may lead to weight loss, fever, mental confusion Other consequences include hypovolemic shock and loss of electrolytes Hypotonic Hydration Renal insufficiency or an extraordinary amount of water ingested quickly can lead to cellular overhydration, or water intoxication ECF is diluted – sodium content is normal but excess water is present The resulting hyponatremia promotes net osmosis into tissue cells, causing swelling These events must be quickly reversed to prevent severe metabolic disturbances, particularly in neurons Edema. Atypical accumulation of fluid in the interstitial space, leading to tissue swelling Caused by anything that increases flow of fluids out of the bloodstream or hinders their return. Factors that accelerate fluid loss  include: Increased blood pressure, capillary permeability Incompetent venous valves, localized blood vessel blockage Congestive heart failure, hypertension, high blood volume Hindered fluid return usually reflects an imbalance in colloid osmotic pressures Hypoproteinemia – low levels of plasma proteins Forces fluids out of capillary beds at the arterial ends Fluids fail to return at the venous ends Results from protein malnutrition, liver disease, or glomerulonephritis Blocked (or surgically removed) lymph vessels: Cause leaked proteins to accumulate in interstitial fluid Exert increasing colloid osmotic pressure, which draws fluid from the blood Interstitial fluid accumulation results in low blood pressure and severely impaired circulation Sodium in Fluid and Electrolyte Balance Sodium holds a central position in fluid and electrolyte balance Sodium salts: Account for 90-95% of all solutes in the ECF Contribute 280 mOsm of the total 300 mOsm ECF solute concentration Sodium is the single most abundant cation in the ECF Sodium is the only cation exerting significant osmotic pressure The role of sodium in controlling ECF volume and water distribution in the body is a result of: Sodium being the only cation to exert significant osmotic pressure Sodium ions leaking into cells and being pumped out against their electrochemical gradient Sodium concentration in the ECF normally remains stable Changes in plasma sodium levels affect: Plasma volume, blood pressure ICF and interstitial fluid volumes Renal acid-base control mechanisms are coupled to sodium ion transport Regulation of Sodium Balance: Aldosterone The renin-angiotensin mechanism triggers the release of aldosterone This is mediated by juxtaglomerular apparatus, which releases renin in response to: Sympathetic nervous system stimulation Decreased filtrate osmolality Decreased stretch due to decreased blood pressure Renin catalyzes the production of angiotensin II, which prompts aldosterone release Adrenal cortical cells are directly stimulated to release aldosterone by elevated K+ levels in the ECF Aldosterone brings about its effects (diminished urine output and increased blood volume) slowly Cardiovascular System Baroreceptors Baroreceptors alert the brain of increases in blood volume (hence increased blood pressure) Sympathetic nervous system impulses to the kidneys decline Afferent arterioles dilate Glomerular filtration rate rises Sodium and water output increase This phenomenon, called pressure diuresis, decreases blood pressure Drops in systemic blood pressure lead to opposite actions and systemic blood pressure increases Since sodium ion concentration determines fluid volume, baroreceptors can be viewed as â€Å"sodium receptors† Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP) Reduces blood pressure and blood volume by inhibiting: Events that promote vasoconstriction Na+ and water retention Is released in the heart atria as a response to stretch (elevated blood pressure) Has potent diuretic and natriuretic effects Promotes excretion of sodium and water Inhibits angiotensin II production Influence of Other Hormones on Sodium Balance Estrogens: Enhance NaCl reabsorption by renal tubules May cause water retention during menstrual cycles Are responsible for edema during pregnancy Progesterone: Decreases sodium reabsorption Acts as a diuretic, promoting sodium and water loss Glucocorticoids – enhance reabsorption of sodium and promote edema Regulation of Potassium Balance Relative ICF-ECF potassium ion concentration affects a cell’s resting membrane potential Excessive ECF potassium decreases membrane potential Too little K+ causes hyperpolarization and nonresponsiveness Hyperkalemia and hypokalemia can: Disrupt electrical conduction in the heart Lead to sudden death Hydrogen ions shift in and out of cells Leads to corresponding shifts in potassium in the opposite direction Interferes with activity of excitable cells Influence of Aldosterone Aldosterone stimulates potassium ion secretion by principal cells In cortical collecting ducts, for each Na+ reabsorbed, a K+ is secreted Increased K+ in the ECF around the adrenal cortex causes: Release of aldosterone –>Potassium secretion Potassium controls its own ECF concentration via feedback regulation of aldosterone release Regulation of Calcium Ionic calcium in ECF is important for: Blood clotting Cell membrane permeability Secretory behavior Hypocalcemia: Increases excitability, causes muscle tetany Hypercalcemia: inhibits neurons and muscle cells; cause heart arrhythmias Calcium balance is controlled by parathyroid hormone and calcitonin PTH promotes increase in calcium levels by targeting: Bones – PTH activates osteoclasts to break down bone matrix Small intestine – PTH enhances intestinal absorption of calcium Kidneys – PTH enhances calcium reabsorption and decreases phosphate reabsorption Calcium reabsorption and phosphate excretion go hand in hand Influence of Calcitonin Released in response to rising blood calcium levels Calcitonin is a PTH antagonist, but its contribution to calcium and phosphate homeostasis is minor to negligible Acid Base Balance Introduction to Acids and Bases Strong acids – all their H+ is dissociated completely in water Weak acids – dissociate partially in water and are efficient at preventing pH changes Strong bases – dissociate easily in water and quickly tie up H+ Weak bases – accept H+ more slowly (e.g., HCO3 ¯ and NH3) Normal pH of body fluids Arterial blood is 7.4 Venous blood and interstitial fluid is 7.35 Intracellular fluid is 7.0 Alkalosis or alkalemia – arterial blood pH rises above 7.45 Acidosis or acidemia – arterial pH drops below 7.35 (physiological acidosis) Sources of Hydrogen Ions – Most hydrogen ions originate from cellular metabolism Breakdown of phosphorus-containing proteins releases phosphoric acid into the ECF Anaerobic respiration of glucose produces lactic acid Fat metabolism yields organic acids and ketone bodies Transporting carbon dioxide as bicarbonate releases hydrogen ions Hydrogen Ion Regulation Concentration of hydrogen ions is regulated sequentially by: Chemical buffer systems – act within seconds Physiological buffer systems The respiratory center in the brain stem – acts within 1-3 minutes Renal mechanisms – require hours to days to effect pH changes Chemical Buffer Systems Bicarbonate Buffer System A mixture of carbonic acid (H2CO3) and its salt, sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) (potassium or magnesium bicarbonates work as well) If strong acid is added: Hydrogen ions released combine with the bicarbonate ions and form carbonic acid (a weak acid) The pH of the solution decreases only slightly If strong base is added: It reacts with the carbonic acid to form sodium bicarbonate (a weak base) The pH of the solution rises only slightly This system is the only important ECF buffer Phosphate Buffer System Nearly identical to the bicarbonate system Its components are: Sodium salts of dihydrogen phosphate (H2PO4 ¯), a weak acid Monohydrogen phosphate (HPO42 ¯), a weak base This system is an effective buffer in urine and intracellular fluid Protein Buffer System Plasma and intracellular proteins are the body’s most plentiful and powerful buffers Some amino acids of proteins have: Free organic acid groups (weak acids) Groups that act as weak bases (e.g., amino groups) Amphoteric molecules are protein molecules that can function as both a weak acid and a weak base Physiological Buffer Systems Respiratory Buffer System The respiratory system regulation of acid-base balance is a physiological buffering system There is a reversible equilibrium between: Dissolved carbon dioxide and water Carbonic acid and the hydrogen and bicarbonate ions CO2 + H2O –> H2CO3 –> H+ + HCO3 ¯ During carbon dioxide unloading, hydrogen ions are incorporated into water When hypercapnia or rising plasma H+ occurs: Deeper and more rapid breathing expels more carbon dioxide Hydrogen ion concentration is reduced Alkalosis causes slower, more shallow breathing, causing H+ to increase Respiratory system impairment causes acid-base imbalance (respiratory acidosis or respiratory alkalosis) Renal Mechanisms of Acid-Base Balance Introduction Chemical buffers can tie up excess acids or bases, but they cannot eliminate them from the body The lungs can eliminate carbonic acid by eliminating carbon dioxide Only the kidneys can rid the body of metabolic acids (phosphoric, uric, and lactic acids and ketones) and prevent metabolic acidosis The ultimate acid-base regulatory organs are the kidneys The most important renal mechanisms for regulating acid-base balance are: Conserving (reabsorbing) or generating new bicarbonate ions Excreting bicarbonate ions Losing a bicarbonate ion is the same as gaining a hydrogen ion; reabsorbing a bicarbonate ion is the same as losing a hydrogen ion Hydrogen ion secretion occurs in the PCT Hydrogen ions come from the dissociation of carbonic acid Reabsorption of Bicarbonate CO2 combines with water in tubule cells, forming H2CO3 H2CO3 splits into H+ and HCO3- For each H+ secreted, a Na+ and a HCO3- are reabsorbed by the PCT cells Secreted H+ form H2CO3; thus, HCO3- disappears from filtrate at the same rate that it enters the peritubular capillary blood H2CO3 formed in filtrate dissociates to release CO2 + H2 CO2 then diffuses into tubule cells, where it acts to trigger further H+ secretion Hydrogen Ion Excretion Dietary H+ must be counteracted by generating new HCO3- The excreted H+ must bind to buffers in the urine (phosphate buffer system) Intercalated cells actively secrete H+ into urine, which is buffered and excreted HCO3- generated is: Moved into the interstitial space via a cotransport system Passively moved into the peritubular capillary blood In response to acidosis: Kidneys generate HCO3-and add them to the blood An equal amount of H+ are added to the urine Ammonium Ion (NH4+) Excretion This method uses NH4+ produced by the metabolism of glutamine in PCT cells Each glutamine metabolized produces two ammonium ions and two bicarbonate ions HCO3- moves to the blood and ammonium ions are excreted in urine Respiratory Acidosis and Alkalosis Result from failure of the respiratory system to balance pH PCO2 is the single most important indicator of respiratory inadequacy PCO2 levels – normal PCO2 fluctuates between 35 and 45 mm Hg Values above 45 mm Hg signal respiratory acidosis Values below 35 mm Hg indicate respiratory alkalosis Respiratory acidosis is the most common cause of acid-base imbalance Occurs when a person breathes shallowly, or gas exchange is hampered by diseases such as pneumonia, cystic fibrosis, or emphysema Respiratory alkalosis is a common result of hyperventilation Metabolic Acidosis All pH imbalances except those caused by abnormal blood carbon dioxide levels Metabolic acid-base imbalance – bicarbonate ion levels above or below normal (22-26 mEq/L) Metabolic acidosis is second most common cause of acid-base imbalance Typical causes are ingestion of too much alcohol and excessive loss of bicarbonate ions Other causes include accumulation of lactic acid, shock, ketosis in diabetic crisis, starvation, and kidney failure Metabolic Alkalosis Rising blood pH and bicarbonate levels indicate metabolic alkalosis Typical causes are: Vomiting of the acid contents of the stomach Intake of excess base (e.g., from antacids) Constipation, in which excessive bicarbonate is reabsorbed Respiratory and Renal Compensations Acid-base imbalance due to inadequacy of a physiological buffer system is compensated for by the other system The respiratory system will attempt to correct metabolic acid-base imbalances The kidneys will work to correct imbalances caused by respiratory disease Respiratory Compenstaion In metabolic acidosis: The rate and depth of breathing are elevated Blood pH is below 7.35 and bicarbonate level is low As carbon dioxide is eliminated by the respiratory system, PCO2 falls below normal In metabolic alkalosis: Compensation exhibits slow, shallow breathing, allowing carbon dioxide to accumulate in the blood Correction is revealed by: High pH (over 7.45) and elevated bicarbonate ion levels RisingPCO2 Renal Compensation To correct respiratory acid-base imbalance, renal mechanisms are stepped up Acidosis has high PCO2 and high bicarbonate levels The high PCO2 s the cause of acidosis The high bicarbonate levels indicate the kidneys are retaining bicarbonate to offset the acidosis Alkalosis has Low PCO2 and high pH The kidneys eliminate bicarbonate from the body by failing to reclaim it or by actively secreting it

Determining Responsibility of Negligence for The Plaintiffs Injuries †Tort Law Essay (400 Level Course)

Determining Responsibility of Negligence for The Plaintiffs Injuries – Tort Law Essay (400 Level Course) Free Online Research Papers Determining Responsibility of Negligence for The Plaintiff’s Injuries Tort Law Essay (400 Level Course) Summers V. Tice 33 Cal. 2d 80,199 P2d 1(1948) Facts: Plaintiffs action was against both defendants for an injury to his right eye and face as the result of bring struck by bird shot discharged from a shotgun. The case was tried by the court without a jury and the court found that on November 20, 1945, plaintiff and the two defendants were hunting quail on the open range. Each of the defendants was armed with a 12 gauge shotgun loaded with shells containing 7 1/2 size shot. Prior to going hunting plaintiff discussed the hunting procedure with defendants, indicating that they were to exercise care when shooting and to keep in line. In the course of hunting plaintiff proceeded up a hill, thus placing the hunters at the points of a triangle. The view of defendants with reference to plaintiff was unobstructed and they knew his location. Defendant Tice flushed a quail which rose in flight to a ten foot elevation and flew between plaintiff and defendants. Both defendants shot at the quail, shooting in plaintiffs direction. At that time defendants were 75 yards from plaintiff. One shot struck plaintiff in his eye and another in his upper lip. Finally it was found by the court that as the direct result of the shooting by defendants the shots struck plaintiff as above mentioned and that defendants were negligent in so shooting and plaintiff was not contributor ily negligent. Judicial History: The circuit court ruled in favor of the plaintiff for injuries received while hunting. The appellate court affirmed. The Supreme Court of California denied the hearing of the appellants. Issues: Whether the defendant’s are guilty of negligence for the plaintiff’s injuries. Whether the plaintiff was guilty of contributory negligence in the hunting accident. Should both defendants’ be held jointly and severally liable? Rules: Yes, both defendants’ are guilty of the negligence caused to the plaintiff in the hunting accident. The court of appeals affirmed the decision of the lower court. The Supreme Court of California denied a hearing. Analysis: The court found that both defendants had shot at the same time in the direction of the plaintiff and knew his location. The defendants acted negligently. It has been held that when a hunting party does exist that it is known to stand in a straight line. Both defendants are held liable when shooting in the direction of the plaintiff. It is up to the defendants to determine the others negligence compared to their own. Conclusion: The judgment was affirmed. Research Papers on Determining Responsibility of Negligence for The Plaintiff’s Injuries - Tort Law Essay (400 Level Course)Capital PunishmentUnreasonable Searches and SeizuresPETSTEL analysis of IndiaPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyQuebec and CanadaThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseAppeasement Policy Towards the Outbreak of World War 2Research Process Part OneTrailblazing by Eric AndersonThe Hockey Game

Life Science Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Life Science - Essay Example This goal line technique (GLT) is used to show when the goal crosses the goal line. The technology works with the aid of an electronic device implanted in the ball and detected by the goal posts. This assists the referee in calling if a team has scored or not. This technology’s main aim is to aid referees in making the decision and does not replace the work of referees. The technology should provide whether the ball fully crosses the line, which makes it easier for the referee to make the final call. Sets of implemented systems involved testing of the Hawk-Eye and the GoalRef system. In the FIFA Club World Cup of 2012 in Japan, the goal line technology became applicable for the first time. Maintaining clear reference especially in global sporting events remains dependent on technology. The technology use in football not only aids in individualized analysis, but also eliminates unfair judgment (Topendsports

Macroeconomics (savings ratio) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Macroeconomics (savings ratio) - Essay Example A change in any factor that has an impact on the consumption apart from the income is said to result in a shift in the consumption function and this would ultimately affect the saving potential of an individual. The factors affecting the consumption function are: A cut in the interest rate will enhance the consumption at all levels of income and will lead to an upward shift in the consumption function. Lower interest rate act to reduce the cost of servicing any mortgage or other debt and thereby increases the effective disposable income in the hands of the homeowners. Contrastingly a period of higher interest rate is expected to curtail the consumer spending. Any apprehension about rising unemployment levels resulting in worsening situations of income level might result in a reduced confidence level of the consumers and a fall in the spending at all levels of income. In contrast to this situation any expectations of improvement in the health of the economy would increase the confidence of the consumers and the resultant planned spending. The changes in the spending behaviour of the consumers affected by the above factors will have a direct bearing on the saving potential of the individuals. ... In contrast to this situation any expectations of improvement in the health of the economy would increase the confidence of the consumers and the resultant planned spending. The changes in the spending behaviour of the consumers affected by the above factors will have a direct bearing on the saving potential of the individuals. The consumption function thus determines the amount of saving that an individual can earmark out of his disposable income towards saving. This ultimately goes to decide the saving ratio which is a factor of the saving against the disposable income. Saving Saving represents a decision to postpone the consumption by saving the money out of the disposable income. There exist a number of motivations behind the saving habits of individuals: Precautionary Saving With a view to avoid the future inconveniences and other potential financial issues that may arise due to unemployment or any other reason, people resort to saving by smoothing their present spending. Building Spending Power Saving presently will enable any one to acquire a future spending power and to meet any major financial commitments at a future data that may arise due to unexpected happenings. Interest Rates and Savings The incentives offered by higher interest rates from banks, building societies and other financial institutions may generate more willingness to save. Desire to Bequeath Strong desire to bequeath more wealth to future generations act as a strong motivator for saving habits Impact of Life Cycle of Consumers At the young age the consumers may borrow more to meet their commitments and once they become older with the easing of

Supply Chain Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Supply Chain - Essay Example that determines the efficiency of the overall business to a great extent and its effectiveness reflects and ensures the effectiveness of other front end business processes. For example, when an efficient supply chain enables the timely and cost effective procurement of the services, the possibility of providing goods or services to the customers increases many folds. The travel agency business is no exception in this regards. This paper intends to explore the supply chain under ‘brick and mortar system ’and compare the changes that has been brought due to the interventions of technology on the supply chain. Before moving further few terms need to be explained. Brick and Mortar means manual way of working. Click and mortar means combination of manual and automated working; whereas, click only means totally automated working. The business of travel agency in older times, when the brick and mortar system was in operations, was mainly manual and the service they used to provide was to arrange for the flights, booking of the hotels and to arrange any other service required by the customers during the travelling. Let us explore the supply chain for the travel agency under brick and mortar system. Under manual system, the participants of the supply chain were, the travel agent, the hotel administration, the airline ticking staff and other salesman for relevant services, for example, if the customer is being provided with the car rentals, then the car rental vendor will also be the participant of the supply chain. The process of supply chain was very simple yet bearing a lot of demerits. The process was like, the travel agent used to have the agreements with different vendors and on receiving orders, they used to go to those vendors, book their service and get the tickets/ receipts etc. Though it was very simple supply chain, yet it bore many discrepancies, for example, suppose that a travel agent books the ticket for a particular destination for his journey but

Situational Analysis of International or Global Marketing Environment Essay

Situational Analysis of International or Global Marketing Environment - Essay Example The company has hired more than 7000 employees for maintaining its efficient operational system. It also provides services for warehousing and engineer support which helps in maintaining stable supply chain systems and reverse logistics (Unipart Logistics, 2013d). Unipart Logistics has a wide client base in departments like retail, automotive, retail, technology, defence and aerospace (Unipart Logistics, 2013c). Unipart Logistics is a part of the Unipart Group of Companies and specializes in outsourcing logistics and delivery services. The marketing consultant of the company has decided to enter into the Brazilian markets and wants to conduct a situational analysis. The situational analysis would help in the assessment of the external force which might affect the profitability of the company. An internal analysis would be conducted to understand the company’s current strategic position and check whether it is suitable for the company to enter into foreign markets like Brazil a nd further inside. Finally, the study would conclude with recommendations which would highlight on improving the current business activities and methods before entering into Brazilian markets. Marketing Environment Analysis Political, Economic, Social and Technology Analysis Political, Economic, Social and Technology (PEST) Analysis would be conducted for identifying and understanding the external threats and opportunities faced by logistics industry in Brazil. Political Presently, the corporate tax rate of Brazil is 35 percent which is very high compared to the other developing countries (KPMG, 2013). The high corporate tax rate has limited the entry of several logistics and supply chain companies into Brazil (KPMG, 2013). The corporate tax rates of a particular country helps the logistic companies to decide upon the transportation, warehouse and delivery charges for their clients (Brazil Business, 2013b). Apart from the corporate tax rate, these companies need to also consider oth er tax reformations like Contribution Incident on Liquid Profit (CILP) (15 percent) , ICMS tax (12 percent) and ISS tax ( ranges from 2 to 5 percent ) (Brazil Business, 2013b). Economic Presently, the economic situation for logistic companies is not preferable due to the very high logistic costs allocated by the government. The logistic and supply chain companies spend 8 to 10 percent of their annual GDP which is almost double compared to the average of other developed countries (Brazil Business, 2013a). Moreover, the infrastructure is unfavourable for the development of the sector because the transport matrix developed by the government is favourable only for road transportation companies. Social The success of the logistic and supply chain companies depends upon the nature of their delivery organizations to a large extent. The success of these organizations in turn depends upon the social culture and lifestyle of the individuals. If the purchasing power of the common people increa ses, then the sales will also increase automatically and vice versa. Technological The logistic and supply chain industry is usually dependent on technology used for the movement and storage of goods within an accurate time frame (Global Logistics Media, 2013). Technology has totally

Effect of the Thirty Years War on Europe

Effect of the Thirty Years War on Europe A number of Europe’s leading powers were involved in the Thirty Years’ War (1618-1648), including France, Denmark, Sweden, and Spain. Most of the fighting took place in Germany and it suffered the most awful effects of the war. This war was undoubtedly the most destructive war in history of Germany before the 20th century. Up to 1/3rd of the urban population and 2/5th of the rural population might have been killed during the war. (Carter, 2011) The end of the Thirty Years War caused a number of dramatic changes and transformed Western Europe in remarkable religious, social and political ways. The post-war period caused the ending of the Holy Roman Empire and the succeeding collapse of the Hapsburg powers. The further divisions made Europe much like it is now with Catholic areas in south and the Lutherans beyond north and more significantly, it took the principal power from the Catholic Church. (the social and economical consequencs of thirty year war) It also worked to suppress some of the religious fights with the ultimate Peace of Westphalia. The war also had a great influence on society as it reduced a large percentage of the German population, damaged crops, assisted in the spread of disease and abolished the German economy from the large to small scale. The mediocre people living in Europe during that time were the most affected by the war. In order to fund huge armies, taxes were raised by the state. Increasing demands of the government, planted the seed of rage toward government that later emerged throughout the future rebellions. Though it was not easy but resolution of the â€Å"Peace of Westphalia† was signed in 1648 and as a consequence, Western Europe was politically changed. (Thirty Years War (1618-1648)) A number of significant geographical changes occurred as a result of the war, Germany was shattered, the Swiss Confederation and the Netherlands were stated as independent nations, and most significantly, the Holy Roman Empire lost supremacy and started to decline from the formal acceptance of the Peace until modernism. Another important development that occurred during the Peace of Westphalia was that Sweden and France arose as a lead of European commerce, pushed Spain out and changed the path of European history until that point .The Spanish Hapsburgs were not the primary power and were ultimately enforced to announce Dutch and Swiss independence. The political flows transformed when the Holy Roman Empire was no more the focus of Europe as other countries arose to take over. This became even more significant later with the growth of secularism as a consequence of the Enlightenment. (THIRTY YEARS’ WAR) Other than the geographical and political changes, other modifications occurred through Europe like a new way of engage in warfare. All parties that were involved in the war went almost broken because of the extent of their corresponding armies and this successively had a devastating influence on the economies altogether. Other than this, new bureaucracies were required to meet up the increasing demands of state and those changes still exist today in European politics. The fact is of great importance that to fund those vast armies the states were compelled to gather greater amount of taxes. That unfair taxation during the Thirty Years War had an influence on the budget and also the farmers. Internal political conflicts soon followed based on the outer conflicts that initiated before the Thirty Years War. (The Thirty Years War 1621 to 1626) While discussing the last years of this War it is almost easy to overlook that it all started because of religious differences other than geography and politics. One result of the termination of the war was that the Catholic Hapsburgs and the Holy Roman Empire were no longer dictating the spiritual beliefs of a large percentage of Europeans. Instead of this, after an ending of the war, princes of Germany were permitted to announce their own affiliations, Western Europe was changed exceptionally. Another significant aspect of the ceasefire of Westphalia on overall European history and its religious conflicts is that after it was signed, all the princes in Germany had the right to announce their provinces Catholic, Calvinist or Lutheran. This permission created partitions throughout Europe stand on religious relationship with the Lutherans in central Germany, the Catholics in southern part of Europe and the Calvinists in the north of Europe. Although this is not to mention that the termination of the war restored relations amongst those of dissimilar faiths, this separation was made so that it was the last religious war fought. Socially, the Thirty Years War created noteworthy problems, especially for the farmers and working people. There was great number of revolutions throughout Europe, specifically in France. During the time of the Thirty Years War agricultural production deteriorated considerably. As a consequence, people were having difficulty feeding their families. These difficulties were all combined and a long duration of disease and overall famine swept across Europe and was predominantly bad where the armies passed by. At times anxious peasants attacked and revolted nearby monasteries and castles. War and recurrent outbreaks of plague charged some German towns’ 1/3rd or more of their inhabitants. In general, the Thirty Years War initiated because of religious clash. Whereas this was one of the main initiators for the subsequent military action, it is also notable that there was already huge instability throughout Europe, mainly because of the split nature of the individual states and their mixed unions. With the collapse of the Roman Empire and the Hapsburgs, Western Europe transformed dramatically as the power moved from Rome and faith to a more secularly-based set of states that were more concerned with economics, trade, and non-religious affairs. One of the most noteworthy consequences of the Thirty Years War is that that this religious war, end all wars. After this period, religious differences were no more of primary significance, especially as there was a progressively unbalanced sprea ding of wealth among countries. Countries like Sweden and Denmark that had upheld them strong through the first years of the War were find themselves in the shelter of richer nations like France. (Thirty Years’ War ) Another more general outcome of the War was that it permitted, for the first time in history of European, that a country can obtain prominence on basis of economics, trade, politics other that the reason that it was center of religious hierarchy. So, without the actions and resolutions of the Thirty Years War in Europe the equilibrium of wealth and rule would be exceptionally different. (smith, 2011) Bibliography Carter, J. (2011, june 6). The Social and Economic Impact of the Thirty Years War. Retrieved from humanities 360: http://www.humanities360.com/index.php/the-social-and-economic-impact-of-the-thirty-years-war-12901/ smith, n. (2011, december 7). The Consequences and Effects of the Thirty Years War. Retrieved from articlemyriad: http://www.articlemyriad.com/consequences-effects-thirty-years-war/ the social and economical consequencs of thirty year war. (n.d.). Retrieved from jstor home: http://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/649855?uid=3738832uid=2uid=4sid=21105451982173 The Thirty Years War 1621 to 1626. (n.d.). Retrieved from history learning site: http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/30YW_1621-1626.htm Thirty Years War (1618-1648). (n.d.). Retrieved from Geni: http://www.geni.com/projects/Thirty-Years-War-1618-1648/11799 THIRTY YEARS’ WAR. (n.d.). Retrieved from history: http://www.history.com/topics/thirty-years-war Thirty Years’ War . (n.d.). Retrieved from britannica: http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/592619/Thirty-Years-War

Supernatural in Shakespeares Macbeth - Role of the Witches Essay

The Role of the Witches in Macbeth  Ã‚   When Shakespeare wrote his play, Macbeth in 1606 a large majority of people were interested in witchcraft. This is why Shakespeare made the witches and the witches’ prophecies play a major part in the storyline of the play. In the time of Macbeth witches were not thought to be supernatural beings themselves, but supposedly gained their powers by selling their souls to Satan. There can be little doubt that most of Shakespeare’s audience would have believed in witches, and for the purpose of the play, at least, Shakespeare also accepted their reality. The three witches in the tragedy Macbeth are introduced at the beginning of the play and the brief opening few scenes give an immediate impression of mystery, horror and uncertainty. This is a sign of things to come as witchcraft is used as one of the main themes of the play. The witches create an atmosphere of evil and disorder. In the opening scene the weather is thunder and lightning which is a mirror image of the way the witches are perceived. When you think of thunder and lightning you think of evil and destruction, this is exactly the way witches are represented in this play. They are evil and cause destruction in Macbeth’s life. Banquo says in act 1 scene 3 line 124: "The instruments of darkness tell us truths, Win us with honest trifles, to betray's In deepest consequence." He thinks and says bad things of the witches. He calls them instruments of darkness and the devil. He believes that these prophecies will only bring harm even before anything begins to happen. He sees beyond the witches and can see that they are evil where as Macbeth is taken in by the witches and this ‘blindness’ is what causes his downhill spiral o... ...e is responsible for his own destiny. This is an essential theme in this tragedy. Macbeth chooses to gamble with his soul and when he does this it is only him who chooses to lose it. He is responsible for anything he does and must take total accountability for his actions. Macbeth is the one who made the final decision to carry out his actions. He made these final decisions and continued with the killings to cover that of King Duncan. However where as some facts show that the results were all of his own doing, in act 4 he returns to the witches voluntarily to find out his fate in order to see what actions he should take. This suggests that the witches did have a great influence on his actions. Work Cited Shakespeare, William. Macbeth. Literature: An Introduction to Fiction, Poetry, and Drama. Ed. X.J. Kennedy and Dana Gioia. 7th ed. New York: Longman, 1999.

Ralph and Jack’s Conflict between Good and Evil in Lord of the Flies Essay

?Ralph and Jack’s Conflict between Good and Evil in Lord of the Flies Over the ages, human behavior has shown that purity of thought leads to a similar action and ultimately to an outcome that is consistent with the original thought. Conversely, the history of man is tainted with his inherent lust for power and greed causing great conflict. In Lord of the Flies by William Golding, the author contrasts the moral thoughts and deeds of his flawed hero Ralph to the self gratifying motives and actions of his adversary Jack. The ebb and flow of good versus evil on the island is driven by the waves of positive and negative thoughts in the minds of the two main characters. Ralph and Jack’s continuous struggle of good versus evil is not only between the two of them, but is within their own minds as well. Jack shows his inclination towards selfishness and violence while Ralph keeps a caring and positive mind towards the group’s survival. The boys have a meeting on the top of the mountain to discuss what to do next concerning their survival, which gives jack the opportunity to bring up hunting: â€Å"’It broke away-‘ ‘Before I could kill it- but- next time! ’ Jack slammed his knife into a trunk and looked round challengingly† (31). Already Jack begins to reveal his aggressive and violent nature. Jack has the opinion that being dominant and seen as powerful is more important to his own survival, while Ralph thinks about the survival of the group as a whole. Jack’s hunting is more about a selfish need than about providing for others. During the first hunt, Jack goes to satisfy his craving for meat and power: â€Å"He swung his right arm and hurled the spear with all his strength. From the pig-run came the quick, hard patter of hoofs, a castanet sound, seductive, maddening- the promise of meat† (49). Jack’s hunt for meat has become an obsessive search for power and a way to demonstrate his strength to the boys. He believes that catching and killing a pig and bringing it back for the others is the ultimate way to show that he is dominant and better than them. Jack is now consciously embodying his evil thoughts into his physical appearance. After realizing his hunting methods are not adequate, Jack paints his face into a mask in order to hunt more successfully: â€Å"Jack planned his new face. He made one cheek and one eye-socket white, then rubbed red over the other half of his face and slashed a black bar of charcoal across from right ear to left jaw† (66). He is consciously using the colours black and red to demonstrate the darkness and thirst for blood inside of him. Jack also shows his evil and anger in the way he aggressively slashes the charcoal onto his face. Ralph’s deeper level of thinking leads him to take positive action towards improving conditions on the island. Ralph walks along the beach and come to realization just how badly things have deteriorated on the island: â€Å"With a convulsion of the mind, Ralph discovered dirt and decay; understood how much he disliked perpetually flicking the tangled hair out of his eyes, and at last, when the sun was gone, rolling noisily to rest among dry leaves† (82). Ralph’s thoughts, while not entirely good, have helped him to realize how bad the actually situation is on the island and what he needs to do to stop the situation from getting worse. Ralph’s world of order is pitted against Jack’s world of chaos. At the meeting, Ralph tries to reestablish the rules and Jack is openly challenging his authority: â€Å"Ralph summoned his wits. ‘Because the rules are the only thing we’ve got! ’ But Jack was shouting against him. ‘Bullocks to the rules! We’re strong- we hunt! If there’s a beast, we’ll hunt it down! We’ll close in and beat and beat and beat- ! ’† (99) Ralph expresses his good thoughts in a way to keep justice and order on the island, while Jack tries to destroy any trace of this with thoughts of rebellion and power over Ralph’s law. When Ralph realized that he cannot win, he gives into the bad thoughts that consume the island. Ralph is the last one left who still has a sense of order and is being hunted by the others for not agreeing with their ways: â€Å"But then the fatal unreasoning knowledge came to him again. The breaking of the conch and the deaths of Piggy and Simon lay over the island like a vapour. These painted savages would go further and further† (204). He experiences bad thoughts regarding his survival and develops a sense of hopelessness and futility. Ralph, slowly losing his own sanity and at the loss of Piggy and Simon there to induce good thoughts, is left to hide and attack the others for his own survival. Ralph is entirely overwhelmed by the thoughts of good and evil. He flees from the savages onto the beach where he finds, standing before him, a naval officer with a ship at his back. â€Å"†¦ Ralph wept for the end of innocence, the darkness of man’s heart, and the fall though the air of the true, wise friend called Piggy† (225). All of Ralph’s thoughts crash down on him at this moment and he is overwhelmed by the truth of man’s inner evil and by the death of his loyal and good friend Piggy. The conflict between the two characters, Ralph and Jack, is underlined by the good and evil thought patters that directly lead to the actions they each take. While good thoughts bear good fruit and bad thoughts bear bad fruit, the potential for good and evil lies within all of mankind. Works Cited Golding, William. Lord of the Flies. London: Faber and Faber Limited, 1958. Print.

Going Back to School Essay

Returning to school was something I alway intended to do in my life. I knew there would be some obstacles and hurdles i would have to overcome to make my dream come true. Here are some obstacles I had to overcome in my past with previous school experinces I have had to return back to school. When I was younger, I remember my mom waking my older brother up and sending him off to school. I would get so mad, because I wanted to go. Than finally my day came, I got up and off to school I went. Elementary school was the great. I loved playing with the other kids. Kindergarten through fifth grade made me feel like school was a game. Yeah, we learned our basic studies, but we had fun doing it. Than came time for moving on up to middle school. My first couple of weeks were okay, but the work started getting harder, the other kids weren’t very nice and we didn’t have much free time. I didn’t like it, but it was something I got used too and I stuck it out. Finally, my ninth year came, I was a freshman in high school. I hated it, I was always getting pushed around and made fun of because my family didn’t have much money. I didn’t have name brand shoes or clothes. Everybody kept telling me I needed an eduacation to get anywhere in this world. Well I tried, finally when I was seventeen, only six months before graduation, I got so fed up, I dropped out. Once I turned eighteen, I realized it was time to make a life of my own. My family shouldn’t have to support me. So I went out and found me a job. I was so proud of this job. I was doing good, or so I thought. After a few years of working for this company, I figured out I was already at the top of the ladder, I couldn’t go up anymore. I had to better my life. I needed a higher education. I got it in my head and went and got my GED. Than once again my learning process stopped right there. Out of the blue one day, my mom calls and tells me about these online college courses. She knew I didn’t I didn’t want to go sit in a classroom. This struck some interest in me. It took me a few days, but I called and got enrolled. When I started my first class, I was a bit nervous, it took sometime to get back into the swing of things. I’m still somewhat nervous but it gets better with each class. Going back to school was the hardest decision I have ever had to make. Well, it took the longest time anyway. I am so glad I decided to go back. Being back at school makes me feel so much better about myself. This is one thing I won’t quit again.